India is characterized by extraordinary ecological, cultural, and socio-economic diversity, spanning Himalayan ecosystems, arid regions, tropical forests, and rapidly expanding urban environments. This diversity, combined with high population density and uneven development, creates complex and varied health vulnerabilities. India is highly exposed to the impacts of climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. Rising temperatures, extreme weather events, air pollution, and water insecurity are already contributing to increasing burdens of respiratory, cardiovascular, and heat-related conditions. Recognizing these interconnected risks, national frameworks such as the National One Health Mission emphasize the integration of human, animal, and environmental health systems. This approach reflects a broader shift toward coordinated, systems-based strategies for health resilience and disease prevention. India’s large and diverse population, expanding health and research infrastructure, strong networks in community and rehabilitation care create significant potential for innovation in environmental physiotherapy and planetary health.